Where there is NO Doctor in Japanese

Hesperian Materials

Where There Is No Doctor in Japanese: Issha no inai tokoro de: mura no herusukea tebikisho. PDF of the most recent Japanese translation ofWhere There Is No Doctor containing first-aid and other medical information for earthquake and tsunami response.

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Tuesday, March 22, 2011



Naoko Watanabe is a resident of Tokyo. Her first-person blog describes how the residents of the capital city  and the citizens of Japan are worrying about an uncertain future.
Japan is realising for the first time that it is a country divided between west and east. I live in Tokyo - the west - and the tragedy happened in the east. It is an odd feeling to be so emotionally scarred by the tragedy but so little affected physically.
Eleven days after the earthquake and huge tsunami and the radiation fears, we know through the media what has happened but we still don't know what IS happening, what WILL happen and, most importantly, what we should and should not do.
People are dealing with the situation quietly and being extremely patient. There is no public outcry, just acceptance.
But we are all so tired. And no-one is telling us how we can help those who are still suffering and what is really going on.
Every second is important but we have not yet been given any clear instructions by our government. This is the most frustrating thing of all.
And it is not just the government that is hopeless here, but the home media, too. Everything is presented as if it's a story, and not reality.
While we accept our leaders will be cautious in a situation of chaos, we need to be told more and we need to be given clear information. We are ashamed we cannot rely on our government. This, too, is a new feeling.
News from the internet and our friends abroad have helped us to learn what is true and what is not. It is a new feeling among the Japanese to find we are making our own individual decisions based on all the global reactions and support.
Before the event, we had a feeling that "something bad" might happen soon, but we were not prepared for all this.
Global warming, too much energy use, economic development, over-population, waste, waste, waste, this was all lying heavily on our collective conscience before. Some of us feel now we were too lazy in trying to make the world better on our own or within small groups, not through trying to make a drastic change to the government and their relations to big companies.
A lot of us in Tokyo have been feeling this for a long time and now we are guilty. Perhaps because of this guilt, people are staying quiet, and doing all they can to help each other.
Now we hope Tokyo will change and learn. Maybe the bright lights outside will be switched off, or we will change from electricity to solar energy. And we can cut back on TV programmes that have no meaning, and take less interest in material goods.
Perhaps we will choose to buy fewer things for our children and maybe provide better public spaces for them to learn from nature.
The adults might turn from cars to bicycles, creating cycle lanes for the city, and - on a very basic level - we will have to adapt our food.
Instead of focusing on fresh food, we will need to accept some "fake" food with preservatives is necessary. It does not rot so quickly and it can be stored easily for when we experience another tragedy as this.
We just hope that we can all learn from this, and really start to make a better world.
But that is for later. At the moment, there are so many innocent people suffering, we cannot complain.

Monday, March 21, 2011

The latest updates on Fukushima nuclear power plant - Emergency information - Yahoo! JAPAN

The latest updates on Fukushima nuclear power plant - Emergency information - Yahoo! JAPAN

TEPCO will guide you through how to deal with power outages for local residents to conserve energy efficient jurisdiction Tohoku Electric Power

TEPCO will guide you through how to deal with power outages for local residents to conserve energy efficient jurisdiction Tohoku Electric Power

Disaster Charter - Earthquake in Japan

Disaster Charter - Earthquake in Japan

Japanese Medical System

Japanese Medical System

When someone you know has been through a traumatic experience

When someone you know has been through a traumatic experience | Christchurch & Canterbury earthquake support

ReliefWeb » Document » Japan: Earthquake & Tsunami, Situation Report No.10

ReliefWeb » Document » Japan: Earthquake & Tsunami, Situation Report No.10

Nuclear crisis: How safe is Japan's food and water? - health - 21 March 2011 - New Scientist

Nuclear crisis: How safe is Japan's food and water? - health - 21 March 2011 - New Scientist

Radioactive contamination of Japanese food ‘serious’: WHO - The Globe and Mail

Radioactive contamination of Japanese food ‘serious’: WHO - The Globe and Mail

Radiation visualizations paint a different picture of Japan - O'Reilly Radar

Radiation visualizations paint a different picture of Japan - O'Reilly Radar

Saturday, March 19, 2011

Disaster in Japan Live Blog: March 20 | Al Jazeera Blogs

Disaster in Japan Live Blog: March 20 | Al Jazeera Blogs

ReliefWeb » Document » Japan: Earthquake & Tsunami, Situation Report No. 8

Japan: Earthquake & Tsunami, 

 

Situation Report No. 8


 Full_Report (pdf* format - 88.5 Kbytes)
 map (pdf* format - 2.7 Mbytes)


This report is produced by OCHA. It was issued by the Regional Office in Asia Pacific with input from the UNDAC team in Tokyo. It covers the period from 18-19 March. The next report will be issued on the 20 March.
I. HIGHLIGHTS/KEY PRIORITIES
· Most people who were stranded have now been found and moved to shelters
· Survivors of the earthquake and tsunami start moving to other parts of the country
· International aid organisations say most basic needs are being met but need for psychosocial support and help for the elderly
· Electricity restored at the Fukushima Power Plant
· Damaged infrastructure and fuel shortages continue to hamper relief efforts




IAEA Briefing on Fukushima Nuclear Emergency (19 March 2011, 14:00 UTC) (11)

IAEA Briefing on Fukushima Nuclear Emergency (19 March 2011, 14:00 UTC) (11)

Wednesday, March 16, 2011

WHO >World Health Organization update 3-16

WHO | World Health Organization

Interactive: Japanese earthquake aftershocks - World news - Asia-Pacific - msnbc.com

Interactive: Japanese earthquake aftershocks - World news - Asia-Pacific - msnbc.com

Us to fly over Fukushima

U.S. to fly spy plane over Fukushima nuclear plant for closer look

TOKYO, March 17, Kyodo
The U.S. military will operate a Global Hawk unmanned high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft over a stricken nuclear power plant in Fukushima Prefecture, possibly on Thursday, to take a closer look at its troubled reactors, a Japanese government source said Wednesday.
Photographs taken by the plane equipped with infrared sensors could provide a useful clue to what is occurring inside the reactor buildings, around which high-level radiation has been detected.
The planned mission comes as the Japanese government appears unable to contain the crisis days after the coastal nuclear plant was struck by a magnitude 9.0 earthquake and tsunami.
It would represent a deepening of Japanese-U.S. cooperation in coping with the escalating crisis, with the U.S. military having already provided logistical transportation, and search and rescue efforts in the wake of the disaster that hit northeastern Japan.

List of Radiation Radioactive Nuclear Fallout Monitoring Websites « Continuous Learning & Development

List of Radiation Radioactive Nuclear Fallout Monitoring Websites « Continuous Learning & Development

YokosoNews Weekly Special - Pets in Japan :: YokosoNews - Japanese Culture, Lifestyle and Entertainment

YokosoNews Weekly Special - Pets in Japan :: YokosoNews - Japanese Culture, Lifestyle and Entertainment

Monday, March 14, 2011

NISA - Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency

NISA - Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency

Charging Stations in Japanese

給水、炊き出し場所一覧 Emergency Water and Food Distribution - Google Docs

さいら・ぶろぐ SIRA's Blog

さいら・ぶろぐ SIRA's Blog

DLR - ZKI - Earthquake and Tsunami in Japan, 2011 - Interactive Satellite Images

DLR - ZKI - Earthquake and Tsunami in Japan, 2011 - Interactive Satellite Images

What Organizations are in Japan and what they are doing.

Interaction_MD1

Japan volcano: Earthquake, tsunami and potential nuclear meltdown not enough | Mail Online

Japan volcano: Earthquake, tsunami and potential nuclear meltdown not enough | Mail Online

At two reactors, a race to contain meltdowns - The Washington Post

At two reactors, a race to contain meltdowns - The Washington Post

The Crippled Japanese Nuclear Reactors - Interactive Feature - NYTimes.com

The Crippled Japanese Nuclear Reactors - Interactive Feature - NYTimes.com

Japanese Earthquake Update (14 March 15:35 CET)

Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant
Japanese authorities have reported to the IAEA that Fukushima Daiichi Unit 2 has experienced decreasing coolant levels in the reactor core.  Officials have begun to inject sea water into the reactor to maintain cooling of the reactor core.
Sea water injections into Units 1 and 3 were interrupted yesterday due to a low level in a sea water supply reservoir, but sea water injections have now been restored at both units.
Evacuation Status
On 12 March, the Japanese Prime Minister ordered the evacuation of residents living within 10 kilometres of the Fukushima Daini nuclear power plant and within 20 kilometres of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant.  Japan’s Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency (NISA) has reported that about 185,000 residents had been evacuated from the towns listed below as of 13 March, 17:00 (JST). 
Populations of evacuated towns near the affected nuclear power
Hirono-cho                    5,387
Naraha-cho                   7,851
Tomioka-cho               15,786
Okuma-cho                 11,186
Futaba-cho                    6,936
Namie-cho                  20,695
Tamura-shi                 41,428
Minamisouma-shi       70,975
Kawauchi-mura            2,944
Kuzuo-mura                  1,482
Total                          184,670

Iodine Distribution
Japan has distributed 230,000 units of stable iodine to evacuation centres from the area around Fukushima Daiichi and Fukushima Daini nuclear power plants, according to officials. The iodine has not yet been administered to residents; the distribution is a precautionary measure in the event that this is determined to be necessary.
The ingestion of stable iodine can help to prevent the accumulation of radioactive iodine in the thyroid.
Weather forecast
In partnership with the World Meteorological Organization, the IAEA is continuing to monitor weather forecasts and is providing updates to member states.  Since the incident began, winds have been moving away from the Japanese coast to the East, and predictions call for the same patterns to persist for the next three days.
The IAEA continues to liaise with the Japanese authorities and is monitoring the situation as it evolves

ReliefWeb » Document » Up to 100,000 children displaced in Japan earthquake and tsunami, warns Save the Children

ReliefWeb » Document » Up to 100,000 children displaced in Japan earthquake and tsunami, warns Save the Children

ReliefWeb » Document » Japan: Earthquake & Tsunami - Situation Report No. 3

ReliefWeb » Document » Japan: Earthquake & Tsunami - Situation Report No. 3

ReliefWeb » Document » UN Disaster Team Deploys To Japan

ReliefWeb » Document » UN Disaster Team Deploys To Japan

給水、炊き出し場所一覧 Emergency Water and Food Distribution

給水、炊き出し場所一覧 Emergency Water and Food Distribution

Sunday, March 13, 2011

U.S. Embassy - Tokyo, Japan

U.S. Embassy - Tokyo, Japan

Statement to the Media by Ambassador John V. Roos
Our hearts go out to the people of Japan and to all of those who have been affected by the events of the last few days. Japan is our close ally and partner. President Obama spoke with Prime Minister Kan soon after the earthquake. On behalf of the American people, he conveyed our deepest condolences and offered our Japanese friends whatever assistance is needed. [Full Transcript]
Earthquake Information
March 13 - For information on the whereabouts and welfare of family and friends in Japan, please consult the State Department website or call the toll free number 1-888-407-4747, or 1-202-501-4444. American citizens in Japan should listen to local news reports, check with your local authorities and contact your neighborhood evacuation center.

Japan earthquake science: Japan earthquake shifted Earth on its axis - latimes.com

Japan earthquake science: Japan earthquake shifted Earth on its axis - latimes.com

給水、炊き出し場所一覧 Emergency Water and Food Distribution

給水、炊き出し場所一覧 Emergency Water and Food Distribution

Examples of post-disaster psychological response

http://www.remnet.jp/lecture/b08_01/1_2_1.html#3

 Still not uncomfortable
 The story is unfocused odd behavior
 No response has been vague
 Scared scared
 Sad crying
 Is apprehensive
 There have difficulty breathing trembling heart palpitations
 Higher excited voice
 Pillory around frustrated
 Last night, not sleeping (waking easily, can not get a good night's sleep, and jump to one's feet at night)
 Slight scare sound (which upset the nerves, a strong anxiety)
 After the disaster, loss of appetite
Or a sudden rise above symptoms, when other activities to prevent this, and to consult a doctor.

: ~災害後の心理的反応の例~
 落ち着かない・じっとしていない
 話がまとまらない・行動がちぐはぐ
 ぼんやりしている・反応がない
 怖がっている・おびえている
 泣いている・悲しんでいる
 不安そうである
 動悸・息が苦しい・震えがある
 興奮している・声が大きい
 苛立っている・周りを責め立てる
 昨夜、眠っていない(目が覚めやすい、眠りが浅い、夜中に飛び起きる等)
 わずかな音で恐ろしがる(神経がいらだっている、不安が強い)
 災害後、食欲がない
上記のような症状が突発的に生じたり、そのためにその他の活動ができないような場合には、医師等に相談すること。
Guidance for Psychological Care During Nuclear Disaster 原子力災害時における心のケア対応の手引き http://bit.ly/fHN6lu #Fukushima

Japan death toll tops 1,400; could reach 10,000 - CBS News

Japan death toll tops 1,400; could reach 10,000 - CBS News

MPHISE Japan Resilience UDOP

Home | MPHISE Japan Resilience UDOP

Japan Earthquake and Tsunami Relief | Fundraising Event on Crowdrise

Japan Earthquake and Tsunami Relief | Fundraising Event on Crowdrise

BBC News - Japan quake: Worst crisis since WWII, says PM

BBC News - Japan quake: Worst crisis since WWII, says PM

Volcano Erupts In SW Japan

Volcano Erupts In SW Japan

Why I am not worried about Japan’s nuclear reactors. | Morgsatlarge – blogorific.

Why I am not worried about Japan’s nuclear reactors. | Morgsatlarge – blogorific.

Special Report: Can Japan find New Deal after triple whammy? | Reuters

Special Report: Can Japan find New Deal after triple whammy? | Reuters

Volcano in southern Japan resumes eruptions

Volcano in southern Japan resumes eruptions

Sixty-year-old man survives after tsunami washes him into sea

Japanese troops have rescued a man floating in the sea on the roof of his house after a fierce tsunami washed it away. Sixty-year-old Hiromitsu Shinkawa was spotted waving a red cloth about 15km offshore from the tsunami-devastated town of Minamisoma. The man said the tsunami hit when he and his wife returned home to gather some belongings after the quake. He told the rescuers his wife was swept away. Thousands of people are feared to have been killed by the deadly tsunami that followed Friday’s 9.0-magnitude earthquake.

height
In this photo released by the Japanese Defense Agency, Hiromitsu Shinkawa, right, waves to rescuers before being rescued to a Maritime Self-Defense Force destroyer on Sunday March 13, 2011.

Saturday, March 12, 2011

Volcanoes and Earthquakes Archive for January-March 2011 : Natural Hazards

Volcanoes and Earthquakes Archive for January-March 2011 : Natural Hazards

Flooding from Tsunami near Sendai, Japan : Natural Hazards

Flooding from Tsunami near Sendai, Japan : Natural Hazards

Japan: Earthquake & Tsunami 

Situation Report No. 1


 Full_Report (pdf* format - 147.7 Kbytes)

This report is produced by OCHA. It was issued by the Regional Office in Asia Pacific with input from offices in Japan, Papua New Guinea and Fiji. It covers the period from 11 to 12 March. The next report will be issued on the 13 March.
I. HIGHLIGHTS/KEY PRIORITIES
- Government of Japan mobilizes thousands of troops, planes and ships for a massive emergency response operation
- State of Emergency declared due to the threat posed by reactors in two nuclear power plants, thousands of people evacuated in response
- Emergency specialist teams from a number of countries deployed to help rescue survivors
- No reported impact from tsunamis in the Pacific Islands and all tsunami warnings have been withdrawn

 Full_Report (pdf* format - 147.7 Kbytes)

2011/03/12 23:41 - 3 People Affected By Radiation, In Hospital

2011/03/12 23:41 - 3 People Affected By Radiation, In Hospital

2011/03/13 01:04 - Meltdown Caused Nuke Plant Explosion: Safety Body

2011/03/13 01:04 - Meltdown Caused Nuke Plant Explosion: Safety Body

Q&A: Dangers posed by Japan's quake-hit atom plant | Reuters

Q&A: Dangers posed by Japan's quake-hit atom plant | Reuters

Battle to stabilise earthquake reactors

Battle to stabilise earthquake reactors

FACT SHEET: Fukushima Nuclear Plant - FoxNews.com

FACT SHEET: Fukushima Nuclear Plant - FoxNews.com

IPhone app to stay up to date

How to Watch on mobile

Watch NHK WORLD TV live on your iPhone and iPod Touch
The application, NHK WORLD TV Live will allow you to enjoy news and information programs provided by NHK WORLD TV on your iPhone or iPod Touch anywhere in the world at any time.
To view NHK WORLD TV Live streaming to your iPhone or iPod Touch go to the App Store on your phone or download from the App Store in iTunes (Click here).
Please note that some NHK WORLD TV programs cannot be made available for reasons of copyright.

The visual quality of the contents will differ according to the service connection being used. This application will automatically recognize your communication environment : Wi-Fi or 3G. Via a 3G connection, up to about 9.5MB of data can be received every 10 minutes. However, if you are not using a flat rate data package, you will be charged according to the time you spend online.


For inquiries about this service, please use this form.

Factbox: Experts on explosion at Japan nuclear plant | Reuters

Factbox: Experts on explosion at Japan nuclear plant | Reuters

Radiation leaks from Japan's quake-hit nuclear plant | Reuters

Radiation leaks from Japan's quake-hit nuclear plant | Reuters

Radioactive emergency team dispatched

NHK WORLD English

Protecting Yourself from Radioactive Contamination : Chelsea Green

Protecting Yourself from Radioactive Contamination : Chelsea Green

this just in

Venting air from reactor container suspended
The operation at Fukushima No.1 plant to lower pressure of the containment vessel has been suspended due to high radiation levels at the site.

Pressure of the reactor container is rising as its cooling system became dysfunctional due to a blackout and power generator breakdown. This has raised concern about possible damage to the container.

The power station's operator, Tokyo Electric Power Company, began to vent air from the reactor container at 9AM on Saturday.

Under the plan, 2 valves close to the container would be opened manually, but radiation level on the second valve was found higher than expected.

The operation has been suspended because of the possibility that workers could be exposed to radiation. The utility is reportedly studying how to open the valve by replacing workers at a short interval, or using electric remote control.

The Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency says if radioactive substance is released in the air, safety of residents evacuated beyond a 10-kilometer radius from the No.1 reactor will be ensured.
Saturday, March 12, 2011 13:09 +0900 (JST)

Brochures for Nuclear Related Companies

Brochures (for the Nuclear-related Companies)

Pocket book for Radiation Emergency Medicine Japanese Only

 -Recomended for Overview of "Radiation Emergency Medicine".-

Friday, March 11, 2011

During a Nuclear Power Plant Emergency

During a Nuclear Power Plant Emergency

The following are guidelines for what you should do if a nuclear power plant emergency occurs. Keep a battery-powered radio with you at all times and listen to the radio for specific instructions. Close and lock doors and windows.
If you are told to evacuate:
  • Keep car windows and vents closed; use re-circulating air.
If you are advised to remain indoors:
  • Turn off the air conditioner, ventilation fans, furnace, and other air intakes.
  • Go to a basement or other underground area, if possible.
  • Do not use the telephone unless absolutely necessary.
If you expect you have been exposed to nuclear radiation:
  • Change clothes and shoes.
  • Put exposed clothing in a plastic bag.
  • Seal the bag and place it out of the way.
  • Take a thorough shower.
Keep food in covered containers or in the refrigerator. Food not previously covered should be washed before being put in to containers.

Factbox: What happens when a reactor loses coolant | Reuters

Factbox: What happens when a reactor loses coolant | Reuters

KYODO NEWS in English

KYODO NEWS

base system for nuclear emergency involving a nuclear disaster NNET

│ │ base system for nuclear emergency involving a nuclear disaster NNET

Environment and Disaster Network website N

Environment and Disaster Network website N

Earthquake Tohoku area in Japan 3/11

Earthquake Tohoku area in Japan 3/11

Japan Meteorological Agency-Weather, Climate & Earthquake Information

Japan Meteorological Agency

Ready.gov: Pet Items for disasters

Ready.gov: Pet Items

Ready.gov: Seniors information

Ready.gov: Seniors

Maps of Nuclear Power Reactors: JAPAN

INSCDB: Maps: JAPAN

Earthquakes - Resources for Response and Recovery

Earthquakes - Resources for Response and Recovery

Navy Live » Blog Archive » Japan Earthquake and Tsunami Update

Navy Live » Blog Archive » Japan Earthquake and Tsunami Update

2011 Japanese Earthquake and Tsunami

2011 Japanese Earthquake and Tsunami

Tsunami Info4 kids too!

Understanding Tsunamis
Tsunami Teacher Resources and Information for Kids

1 missing, 4 rescued as tsunami hits West Coast - Yahoo! News

1 missing, 4 rescued as tsunami hits West Coast - Yahoo! News

LIVE STREAM via California: Aftermath of Japan tsunami/earthquake

LIVE STREAM: Aftermath of Japan tsunami/earthquake

Tsunami: Crescent City harbor destroyed; 4 people swept into sea, 1 feared dead [Updated] | L.A. NOW | Los Angeles Times

Tsunami: Crescent City harbor destroyed; 4 people swept into sea, 1 feared dead [Updated] | L.A. NOW | Los Angeles Times

Japan earthquake and tsunami: Resources for news, information and assistance - National Natural Disasters | Examiner.com

Japan earthquake and tsunami: Resources for news, information and assistance - National Natural Disasters | Examiner.com

LIVE Tsunami Updates | Weather Watch

LIVE Tsunami Updates Weather Watch

Haunting Images From The Tsunami And Earthquake

Haunting Images From The Tsunami And Earthquake

Info from West Coast Tsunami Page

Tsunami Links


Earthquake Links


Regional Seismic Network Links



California Institute of Technology
UC Berkeley Seismological Laboratory
Pacific Northwest Seismic Network
Earthquakes Canada
Alaska Earthquake Information Center
Alaska Volcano Observatory
Weston Observatory, Boston College
Lamont-Doherty Cooperative Seismographic Network
Hawaiian Volcano Observatory
South Carolina Seismic Network
Center for Earthquake Research and Information - central U.S.
Puerto Rico Seismic Network

Japan earthquake and tsunami - latest updates | Stuff.co.nz

Japan earthquake and tsunami - latest updates | Stuff.co.nz

Social Media 4 Emergency Management - Connect, Collaborate, Contribute

Social Media 4 Emergency Management - Connect, Collaborate, Contribute

TBStv on USTREAM: TBSテレビの公式チャンネル .

TBStv on USTREAM: TBSテレビの公式チャンネル .

Sunday, March 6, 2011


What is a tsunami?
  • A tsunami is a series of waves with a long wavelength and period (time between crests) generated by a large, impulsive displacement of sea water.
  • Time between crests of the wave can vary from a few minutes to over an hour, but generally are in the range of 15 to 25 minutes.
  • Tsunamis are often incorrectly called tidal waves; they have no relation to the daily ocean tides.

How are tsunamis generated?
  • Tsunamis are generated by any large, impulsive displacement of the sea level.
  • The most common cause of a tsunami is sea floor uplift associated with an earthquake.
  • Tsunamis are also triggered by landslides into or under the water surface, and can be generated by volcanic activity and meteorite impacts.

How often do tsunamis occur?
  • On the average, two tsunamis occur per year throughout the world which inflict damage near the source.
  • Approximately every 15 years a destructive, ocean-wide tsunami occurs.

Can strike-slip (horizontal motion) earthquakes trigger tsunamis?
  • Yes, approximately 10-15% of damaging tsunamis are triggered by strike-slip earthquakes.
  • This type of earthquake is less likely to trigger a tsunami than one with vertical motion.
  • The waves are likely generated by associated landslides or motion of a sloping bathymetric feature.
  • Tsunamis generated by strike-slip earthquakes normally affect regions near the source only.

What does the word "tsunami" mean?
  • Tsunami (soo-NAH-mee) is a Japanese word meaning harbor wave.

How fast do tsunamis travel?
  • Tsunami velocity depends on the depth of water through which it travels (velocity equals the square root of the product of the water depth times the acceleration of gravity).
  • Tsunamis travel approximately 475 mph in 15,000 feet of water. In 100 feet of water the velocity drops to about 40 mph.
  • A tsunami travels from the central Aleutian Is. to Hawaii in about 5 hours and to California in about 6 hours, or from the Portugal coast to North Carolina in about 8.5 hours.

How big is a tsunami?
  • Tsunamis range in size from inches to over a hundred feet.
  • In deep water (greater than 600 feet), tsunamis are rarely over 3 feet and will not be noticed by ships due to their long period (time between crests).
  • As tsunamis propagate into shallow water, the wave height can increase by over 10 times.
  • Tsunami heights vary greatly along a coast.The waves can be amplified by shoreline and bathymetric (sea floor) features.
  • A large tsunami can flood low-lying coastal land over a mile from the coast.

What does a tsunami look like when it reaches shore?
  • Normally, a tsunami appears as a rapidly advancing or receding tide.
  • It some cases a bore (wall of water) or series of breaking waves may form.

How is a tsunami different from a wind-generated wave?
  • Wind-generated waves usually have periods (time between crests) between 5 and 15 seconds. Tsunami periods normally range from 5 to 60 minutes.
  • Wind-generated waves break as they shoal and lose energy offshore. Tsunamis act more like a flooding wave. A twenty foot tsunami is a twenty foot rise in sea level.

What are the West Coast and Alaska Tsunami Warning Center's (WC/ATWC) responsibilities?
  • The main mission of the WC/ATWC is to help protect life and property from tsunami hazard by providing tsunami information and warning messages to its area-of-responsibility (AOR).
  • The WC/ATWC AOR is the U.S. West, Alaskan, Atlantic, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, and Gulf of Mexico coasts as well as the east and west coasts of Canada.
  • Develop new processes and techniques to improve response times, forecast accuracy, and message content to residents in the AOR.
  • Increase community preparedness and public tsunami education through the TsunamiReady program and outreach.
  • As of April 23, 2006 the center is staffed with two watchstanding scientists 24 hours a day, every day.
  • For more information on the center, see http://wcatwc.arh.noaa.gov/.

When are warnings issued?
  • Warnings are issued when a potentially tsunami-producing earthquake over the threshold magnitude (7.0 in the Pacific AOR, 6.5 in the Atlantic AOR) occurs in the AOR.
  • Warnings also may be issued when potentially tsunami-producing earthquakes over magnitude 7.5 occur outside the AOR and are likely to impact the AOR.
  • The geographic extent of the warning is based on the size of the earthquake, tsunami travel times throughout the AOR, and expected impact zones.
  • Warnings are normally issued approximately 5 minutes after earthquake occurrence.

Do all large earthquakes, greater than magnitude 7, generate tsunamis?
  • No, only those which induce large vertical sea floor displacements, or those that trigger landslides which displace significant amounts of sea water, trigger tsunamis.

How does the WC/ATWC respond to landslide-generated tsunamis?
  • Many landslides which generate tsunamis are triggered by large earthquakes. In this case, local warnings will be issued based on the earthquake size.
  • In some cases, sub-sea landslides will occur with little to no seismic energy release (e.g., Skagway, AK 1994). Historically, these events have been locally destructive with impacts occurring within minutes. The Tsunami Warning System is not set up to respond to this type of event.

What is a tsunami warning?
  • A tsunami warning indicates that a tsunami may be imminent and that coastal locations in the warned area should prepare for flooding.
  • The initial warning is typically based solely on seismic information.
  • After the tsunami is recorded on sea level gages, the warning will be cancelled, restricted, expanded, or downgraded to an advisory.
  • Warnings indicate that flooding up to the maximum expected limit is possible and residents should follow their local emergency management instructions.
  • Warnings are issued when the earthquake information or tsunami forecasts indicate that a wave over 1 meter in amplitude is possible.

What is a tsunami advisory?
  • A tsunami advisory indicates a tsunami which may produce strong currents and is dangerous to those in or very near the water is expected.
  • Large inundations are not expected in areas under advisory status.
  • Advisories will be cancelled, extended, or upgraded to a warning depending on the event severity.
  • Advisories are issued when the expected tsunami amplitude is in the range of 0.3 to 1 meter.

What is a tsunami watch?
  • A tsunami watch is an early alert issued to areas which may later be impacted by a tsunami.
  • Tsunami impact is normally at least three hours away for regions within a tsunami watch.
  • The watch will either be upgraded to a warning or advisory in subsequent messages or cancelled depending on the severity of the tsunami.
  • People within a watch area should stay alert for further information regarding tsunami threat.

What are nature's signs that a tsunami may be imminent?
  • Hard ground shaking for 20+ seconds near the coast.
  • A sudden sea level withdrawal.
  • Tsunamis may be accompanied by loud, booming noises.

Where should I go in the event of a tsunami warning or large, local earthquake?
  • Know evacuation routes and potential hazard zones for your area. Most coastal communities have an evacuation plan and designated safe areas. This information can be obtained from your local emergency official.
  • If no tsunami hazard zone has been established or you don't know what it is, as a rule of thumb move to 100 feet above sea level or 1 mile inland.
  • The WC/ATWC issues tsunami warnings, but the warnings and subsequent evacuations are implemented by state and local emergency management.

What do I do if I'm in a boat at sea or in a harbor during a tsunami event?
  • Mariners in deep water (600 feet or greater) should stay at sea.
  • Those in shallow water or harbors should move to deep water if there is enough time and weather conditions are suitable.

What information does the WC/ATWC evaluate in order to issue tsunami bulletins?
  • WC/ATWC acquires seismic data from various seismic networks throughout its AOR. These data are processed to quickly determine the tsunami-potential of an earthquake.
  • Messages are issued based initially on this first analysis of seismic data.
  • If a tsunami may have been generated, sea level data, tsunami models, and historical tsunami information are analyzed to estimate impact level.
  • Based on impact estimations, supplemental messages are issued.

How are tsunami messages issued?
  • Warnings are broadcast through standard National Weather Service (NWS) dissemination methods such as the NOAA Weather Radio-All Hazards, the Emergency Alert System, and the Emergency Managers Weather Information Network.
  • State Emergency Service Agencies receive the message through FEMA�s National Warning System and the NOAA Weather Wire. The states immediately pass warnings to local jurisdictions.
  • The US Coast Guard relays the message via radio.
  • The warnings are posted on the WC/ATWC and NWS web sites and are issued through a public e-mail list server (http://wcatwc.arh.noaa.gov/).
  • Many coastal communities supplement the basic notification systems with sirens, automatic phone messaging systems, etc. Contact your local emergency management officials to determine local procedures.

Can the WC/ATWC predict earthquakes and tsunamis?
  • No, earthquakes cannot be predicted.
  • Once an earthquake has occurred, the arrival time of a tsunami, if generated, can be determined accurately.
  • There is not normally enough time to accurately predict tsunami heights near the source. Away from the source, tsunami wave heights can be estimated based on mathematical tsunami models and observed wave heights.

What was the biggest earthquake ever recorded?
  • The largest recorded earthquake occurred in Chile (9.5) in 1960.
  • The second largest earthquake recorded was the 1964 Alaskan earthquake (9.2).
  • Three of the seven largest earthquakes ever recorded occurred in Alaska.
  • See http://www.earthquake.usgs.gov/ for more information on earthquakes

Has WC/ATWC's AOR experienced any damaging tsunamis?
  • Alaska: Major tsunamis were generated along the Alaskan coast in 1946, 1957, 1958, 1964, and 1965. Many other locally generated tsunamis occurred prior to those dates.
  • US/Canada West Coast: Tsunamis were generated locally in 1812, 1873, 1878, 1927, 1930, 1946 and 1949. The west coast was also impacted by tsunamis generated in other regions in 1877, 1946, 1952, 1957, 1960, 1964, 1975, 2006, and 2010.
  • US/Canada Atlantic Coast: Tsunamis were recorded in 1755, 1884, 1886, and 1929.
  • Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands experienced damaging tsunamis in 1867 and 1918
  • See http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/tsu.shtml for the NOAA/National Geophysical Data Center tsunami catalog.

How is the maximum expected tsunami inundation determined for a specific location?
  • In areas where the maximum potential source is known (e.g., areas with an active subduction zone offshore), tsunami generation, propagation, and runup can be mathematically modeled and maximum wave heights estimated. Or, if the area's largest expected earthquake has occurred in recorded times, the historical records can be used to constrain expectations.
  • In areas where the maximum potential source is unknown and no historic events have occurred (e.g., parts of the U.S. Atlantic coast), maximum expected wave height is difficult to determine. Many potential sources must be considered to determine the maximum expectations.
  • The National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program (http://nthmp.tsunami.gov/) has funded hazard assessment investigations for many U.S. communities.

What is the tsunami threat leevel for the Alaska Arctic and west (Bering Sea) coast?
  • The tsunami threat level for the Alaska Bering Sea and Arctic coasts is very low when compared to the southern coast of Alaska.
  • See Arctic and Bering Sea Talking Points for more information.